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cse โ€ข paper_2 โ€ข atomic_molecular

[UPSC CSE 2001] Atomic Physics (Q113, (12+8)M)

(i) What is Lamb shift? Explain it by illustrating through a suitable energy level diagram. Has Lamb shift been observed in any atom other than hydrogen? (ii) How does the 21 cm hydrogen line originate? Comment on its astronomical applications.

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